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Allahabad- In a sweeping directive that could reshape scrutiny over Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) benefit claims across Uttar Pradesh, the Allahabad High Court has ordered all District Magistrates in the state to investigate potential misuse of reservation benefits by individuals who have undergone religious conversion, completing the process within four months.

The court mandated that these officials report their findings to the Chief Secretary and other principal/additional chief secretaries to prevent "fraud on the Constitution," as observed by the Supreme Court in the landmark C. Selvarani case. The directives were issued on November 21 by Justice Praveen Kumar Giri in a case involving alleged religious conversion and communal discord in Maharajganj district.

The directive stems from a petition filed by Jitendra Sahani under Section 482 CrPC, seeking to quash criminal proceedings against him, registered at Sinduriya Police Station under Sections 153A (promoting enmity between groups on grounds of religion) and 295A (deliberate acts intended to outrage religious feelings) of the Indian Penal Code. Sahani, a resident of Mathaniya village in Maharajganj, had initially obtained permission from the Sub-Divisional Magistrate on April 3, 2023, to organize prayer meetings on his private land, focusing on preaching the teachings of Jesus Christ to diverse audiences without discrimination.

However, local tensions escalated, leading to the revocation of this permission on May 3, 2023, amid complaints from the Hindu community. A follow-up order dated December 10, 2023, accused Sahani of erecting a tent at the public Baluahi Dhus Chauraha to host large gatherings aimed at converting Hindus to Christianity, thereby threatening law and order. Following an investigation, a charge sheet was filed on March 11, 2024, and a summoning order issued on July 24, 2024, by the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate.

Sahani's counsel, Patsy David and Vandana Henry, argued in the petition that the prayer meetings were peaceful, with no evidence of inflammatory rhetoric, and that witnesses had failed to support the FIR's allegations. They urged the court to annul the charge sheet and stay proceedings to prevent irreparable harm. Countering this, Additional Government Advocate Pankaj Tripathi highlighted the Uttar Pradesh government's sanction under Section 196(1) CrPC, granted via a March 11, order, to prosecute under the invoked IPC sections. He relied heavily on the Section 161 CrPC statement of witness Lakshman Vishwakarma, a 53-year-old local resident, who alleged that Sahani previously a Hindu from the Sahni community had converted to Christianity and assumed the role of a priest.

Vishwakarma's testimony painted a picture of derogatory remarks against Hindu deities, claiming Sahani mocked the faith by ridiculing its pantheon: "He says Hinduism has thousands of gods with eight arms, four limbs, five faces, riding pigs, offering mice as prasad... Some drink bhang, others liquor—this ridicules Hindu beliefs and fosters enmity among communities." The court noted that while such statements are not admissible as evidence, they could be used for contradiction during trial, refusing to intervene at this pre-trial stage.

Alarming Surge in Violence Against Indian Christians: Anti-Conversion Laws Enable Harassment and Attacks, Rights Groups Warn.

• Karnataka

Karnataka HC stops state from increasing internal quota for SC/STs

Recruitments that have begun can continue; Petitioners say Act violates SC’s 50% limit.

Karnataka High CourtPhoto | Express

Express News Service

Updated on: 

02 Dec 2025, 8:31 am

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BENGALURU: The Karnataka High Court on Monday restrained the state government from implementing the increase in reservation under the Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of seats in Educational Institutions and of Appointments or posts in the services under the State) Act, 2022.

A division bench of Chief Justice Vibhu Bakhru and Justice CM Poonacha passed the interim order after hearing a batch of petitions, including a public interest litigation filed by Mahendra Kumar Mitra, challenging the provisions of the Act.

The court said that no further notifications for recruitment or appointments on the basis of increased reservation should be issued till the petitions are disposed of. Recruitments that have already begun may be continued, but appointments should be subject to the final outcome of the present petitions, the court said.

“All appointment or promotion letters would expressly indicate that the appointment and the promotion is subject to the outcome of the present petitions and the candidates would not claim any equities in the event the increased reservation is struck down,” the court said. It also clarified that Monday’s order is confined only to modifying the earlier order dated November 19 passed by this court and would not affect the operation of any other specific interim order or final order granted by the court or the tribunal.

The petitioners contended that as per Section 4 of the Act, the reservation for SCs has been increased from 15% to 17% and for STs from 3% to 7%. The reservation for backward classes continues to remain at 32%. With the implementation of the Act, the reservation for reserved categories exceeds 50%. This is contrary to the law laid down by the Supreme Court in the case, Indra Sawhney and others versus Union of India. The petitioners also submitted that the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes have not been consulted on the reservation as required under Article 338 (9) and 338-A (9) of the Constitution.

The court permitted appointments that have already begun by modifying an interim order of November 19 after Advocate-General Shashikiran Shetty submitted that prior to the stay order on November 19, notifications had been issued for recruitment, and the process had already begun. If it is interdicted, the state would suffer a shortage of manpower, he said.

He also referred to the interim order of May 1, 2023, passed in a Petition for Special Leave to Appeal by the Supreme Court in Yogesh Kumar Thakur versus Guru Ghasidas Sahitya Avam Sanskriti Academy & Others. The Supreme Court had permitted the state to go ahead with the selection and make appointments and promotions. The apex court too had clarified that it would be subject to the result of the petitions. It had also directed that all appointment and promotion orders would specifically mention that they are subject to the final outcome of the proceedings, he told the court.

Read more at: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-high-courts-conditional-nod-for-postings-under-higher-scst-quota-3816503

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1. Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad HC asks Uttar Pradesh to act against converts retaining SC benefits

Court cites constitutional provisions and past rulings while directing authorities to examine misuse of Scheduled Caste status after conversion

Published - December 02, 2025 07:17 pm IST - New Delhi

Ishita Mishra

A view of Allahabad High Court. Image for the purpose of representation only. | Photo Credit: File

Allahabad High Court recently asked the Uttar Pradesh government to crack down on people who have converted to Christianity but continue to avail benefits meant for Scheduled Castes (SC).

A Bench of Justice Praveen Kumar Giri in its order passed on November 21 cited an order of the Andhra Pradesh High Court which said that caste-based discrimination does not exist within the Christian faith, and therefore the basis for Scheduled Caste classification stands nullified upon conversion, irrespective of the existence of any previously issued caste certificate.

HomeMumbaiMumbai Gears Up For Dr Ambedkar’s Mahaparinirvan Diwas As CM Devendra Fadnavis Orders Tight Security

Mumbai Gears Up For Dr Ambedkar’s Mahaparinirvan Diwas As CM Devendra Fadnavis Orders Tight Security

Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis chaired a crucial review meeting in Mumbai ahead of the 69th Mahaparinirvan Diwas of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. With lakhs of followers expected at Chaityabhoomi on 6 December, the CM directed all departments to strengthen security, crowd movement, health services and public amenities, while urging coordinated action across civic, police and transport bodies.

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Pooja MehtaUpdated: Tuesday, December 02, 2025, 06:21 PM IST

Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis | File Image

Mumbai: Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on Tuesday led a comprehensive review of preparations for the 69th Mahaparinirvan Diwas of Bharat Ratna Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. The high-level meeting, held at Sahyadri State Guest House and attended by Maharashtra DGP Rashmi Shukla and senior officials, focused on ensuring smooth arrangements for the lakhs of followers expected to gather at Chaityabhoomi on 6 December.

Mumbai, Maharashtra: Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis exited a key review meeting held at the Sahyadri State Guest House, attended by Maharashtra DGP Rashmi Shukla. The meeting was convened to review arrangements, facilities, and security preparations for the millions of… pic.twitter.com/1cz03khEDB

— IANS (@ians_india) December 2, 2025

Focus on coordination across agencies

Fadnavis emphasised the need for seamless coordination between civic authorities, the police and transport departments to manage the massive crowds. He said the annual congregation is a moment of reflection and an opportunity to reinforce Dr Ambedkar’s message of equality and social awareness.

“Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar enlightened and awakened the society. On Mahaparinirvan Din, all of us should make efforts to strengthen this awareness,” the CM noted.

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Infrastructure and public facilities under review

Officials were directed to enhance essential facilities in the Dadar area, including mandap arrangements, drinking water stations, sanitation units, medical support and clear directional signage. The CM stressed that year-on-year reviews help bridge gaps and raise the quality of arrangements for devotees.

BEST has been instructed to deploy additional buses to ensure convenient travel for visitors arriving from different parts of Mumbai and neighbouring districts.

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Security and crowd control measures tightened

The administration assessed a wide range of preparations including CCTV surveillance, police deployment, traffic diversions, waterproof tents, food stalls, health services and 24x7 control rooms. With lakhs expected to visit Chaityabhoomi, crowd safety remains a key priority.

Poster and information booklet released

During the meeting, Fadnavis also unveiled a poster and released an information booklet dedicated to Mahaparinirvan Din. He added that a coordination committee will examine suggestions received for the proposed Dr Ambedkar statue at the Indu Mill site.

The CM urged citizens to use the occasion to propagate Dr Ambedkar’s thoughts and strengthen social harmony as Mumbai prepares for one of its largest annual gatherings.

Study flags caste-biased language in 75 years of Supreme Court rulings

Image: Web

India

Study flags caste-biased language in 75 years of Supreme Court rulings

ByNews Karnataka2 December 20253:12 pm

A comprehensive new study has found that while India’s Supreme Court has frequently upheld the rights of Dalits, its language across several landmark judgments has often reflected deep-seated caste hierarchies. The findings have triggered a rare moment of introspection for one of the world’s most influential constitutional courts.

Landmark rulings, troubling language

The study, funded by the University of Melbourne and conducted in collaboration with the Supreme Court, examined constitution bench judgments from 1950 to 2025. These judgments hold particular weight because they set binding precedents, inform legal education and shape wider public discourse.

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Researchers found that although the court consistently protected Dalit rights in key cases, its descriptions of Dalit communities were at times “demeaning or insensitive”. Some rulings compared oppressed castes to “ordinary horses” contrasted against “first-class race horses”, while others described reservation policies as “crutches”.

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A number of judgments also framed caste oppression as analogous to disability, implying inherent limitations in oppressed groups rather than structural injustices embedded in society.

Misplaced assumptions and harmful stereotypes

The report highlights recurring assumptions in judicial writing, including the belief that education alone can eradicate caste discrimination—despite extensive evidence showing that caste barriers impede access to schooling, jobs, credit and land.

Some rulings described caste as a benign “division of labour”, a characterisation researchers say dangerously legitimises the social and economic confinement historically imposed on Dalits.

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A 2020 judgment cited in the report described certain Scheduled Tribe communities as having a “primitive way of life” that makes them unfit for mainstream society, reinforcing long-debunked stereotypes.

“These comparisons—whether to animals or to disability—were not just poorly chosen metaphors; they reinforced stigma,” said Professor Farrah Ahmed of Melbourne Law School, a co-author of the study. “The real problem lies in societal structures, not in any inherent deficiency among oppressed communities.”

A paradox of progressive outcomes and regressive language

Researchers emphasise that the court’s outcomes have often been progressive, strengthening protections for historically marginalised communities. However, they argue that judicial language has not always evolved alongside constitutional values.

“I would find it surprising if the judicial language we discuss had no effect on judges’ decisions,” Prof Ahmed noted, suggesting that linguistic biases may subtly shape legal reasoning.

Supreme Court’s own efforts to address bias

The court has, in recent years, taken steps to confront discriminatory practices. In 2023, it issued directions to revise prison manuals after an investigation revealed caste-based segregation and unequal labour distribution in jails.

The judiciary has also sought to improve sensitivity in legal writing. In August 2023, the Supreme Court released a Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes, advising judges and lawyers to avoid discriminatory language in legal documents and courtroom arguments.

Former Supreme Court judge Justice Madan Lokur acknowledged that some outdated language may have appeared unintentionally, noting that courts must keep pace with evolving societal expectations.

Lack of representation at the top

The report underscores that linguistic insensitivity may stem partly from the court’s limited diversity. Researchers estimate that only eight Dalit judges have ever served on the Supreme Court.

For the last six months, Justice BR Gavai served as India’s second Dalit Chief Justice until his retirement last week. Justice KG Balakrishnan, the first Dalit Chief Justice (2007–2010), is frequently cited in the report for writing powerfully about caste as an “unbreakable bondage” that consigns people to “impure” occupations and even dictates segregation in burial spaces.

These perspectives, researchers argue, stand in stark contrast to judgments that downplay the harsh realities of caste-based exclusion. The study suggests the judiciary “urgently needs more diverse insights and experiences”, particularly of those who have lived through caste discrimination.

A moment of institutional introspection

For an institution often perceived as above politics, the report represents a rare internal audit of language, perceptions and cultural blind spots. It emphasises that the fight for equality is not only waged in constitutional principles but also in metaphors, analogies and everyday judicial phrasing.

Legal scholars say the findings may encourage broader efforts within India’s judiciary to examine how language shapes justice—and to ensure that future generations of legal writing align more closely with the ideals of dignity and equality enshrined in the Constitution.